Temporal variation in transmission during the COVID-19 outbreak
This study has not yet been peer reviewed.
* This analysis is now archived, please visit the updated version.
updated: 2020-04-04
Note: this is preliminary analysis, has not yet been peer-reviewed and is updated daily as new data becomes available. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. A summary of this report can be downloaded here
Summary
Aim: To identify changes in the reproduction number, rate of spread, and doubling time during the course of the COVID-19 outbreak whilst accounting for potential biases due to delays in case reporting.
Latest estimates as of the 2020-03-19
Global map
Figure 1: Global map of the expected change in daily cases based on data from the 2020-03-19. Note: only country level estimates are shown.
Summary of latest reproduction number and case count estimates
Figure 2: Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation and the time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (bar = 95% credible interval) based on data from the 2020-03-19. Countries/Regions are ordered by the number of expected daily cases and shaded based on the expected change in daily cases. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control and a single case required fror elimination.
Reproduction numbers over time in the six countries with the most cases currently
Figure 3: Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number (light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range) based on data from the 2020-03-19 in the countries/regions expected to have the highest number of incident cases. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence. The dotted line indicates the target value of 1 for the effective reproduction no. required for control.
Latest estimates summary table
| Country/Region | Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | Expected change in daily cases | Effective reproduction no. | Doubling time (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | 1200 – 8956 | Increasing | 1.9 – 5.9 | 1.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Italy | 1042 – 7984 | Increasing | 1 – 1.8 | 3.4 – Cases decreasing |
| Spain | 723 – 5247 | Increasing | 1 – 2.4 | 1.8 – Cases decreasing |
| France | 397 – 2886 | Increasing | 1 – 2.1 | 2.1 – Cases decreasing |
| Iran | 290 – 2325 | Unsure | 0.8 – 1.4 | 3.3 – Cases decreasing |
| Germany | 451 – 2056 | Increasing | 1.3 – 2.5 | 2.6 – Cases decreasing |
| United Kingdom | 200 – 1468 | Increasing | 1.2 – 2.8 | 1.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Belgium | 151 – 995 | Increasing | 1.1 – 3.2 | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Switzerland | 105 – 837 | Likely increasing | 0.9 – 2 | 1.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Netherlands | 107 – 784 | Increasing | 1 – 2.4 | 0.49 – Cases decreasing |
| Austria | 84 – 702 | Increasing | 1 – 2.4 | 1.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Portugal | 82 – 547 | Increasing | 1.3 – 4.1 | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Israel | 51 – 346 | Increasing | 1.2 – 3.7 | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Australia | 37 – 332 | Increasing | 1.3 – 3.6 | 1.4 – Cases decreasing |
| Canada | 49 – 328 | Increasing | 1.5 – 3.3 | 2.1 – Cases decreasing |
| Norway | 27 – 262 | Unsure | 0.8 – 1.6 | 1.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Malaysia | 42 – 259 | Increasing | 1.3 – 2.9 | 0.57 – Cases decreasing |
| Sweden | 28 – 250 | Unsure | 0.7 – 1.4 | 2 – Cases decreasing |
| Czechia | 27 – 222 | Increasing | 1 – 2.5 | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| South Korea | 34 – 191 | Unsure | 0.6 – 1.3 | 8.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Romania | 23 – 190 | Increasing | 1.1 – 3.2 | 0.17 – Cases decreasing |
| Ireland | 19 – 185 | Increasing | 1.2 – 3.5 | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Denmark | 20 – 176 | Decreasing | 0.5 – 0.9 | 0.15 – Cases decreasing |
| Brazil | 18 – 163 | Increasing | 1 – 2.4 | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Philippines | 22 – 151 | Increasing | 1.2 – 4.1 | 0.15 – Cases decreasing |
| Poland | 12 – 124 | Increasing | 1 – 3 | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| China | 23 – 123 | Unsure | 0.8 – 1.5 | 3.3 – Cases decreasing |
| Finland | 10 – 119 | Likely increasing | 0.8 – 2.1 | 0.23 – Cases decreasing |
| Estonia | 14 – 115 | Likely increasing | 0.9 – 2.8 | 0.15 – Cases decreasing |
| Japan | 14 – 113 | Likely decreasing | 0.6 – 1.1 | 5.8 – Cases decreasing |
| Greece | 9 – 100 | Likely increasing | 0.8 – 2.1 | 0.23 – Cases decreasing |
| Singapore | 19 – 98 | Increasing | 1.3 – 2.5 | 2.3 – Cases decreasing |
| Iceland | 8 – 92 | Increasing | 1 – 2.9 | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Bahrain | 4 – 71 | Unsure | 0.5 – 1.3 | 0.16 – Cases decreasing |
| China Excluding Hubei | 5 – 71 | Increasing | 1 – 2.2 | 2.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Hubei | 2 – 50 | Decreasing | 0.1 – 0.4 | 4.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Slovenia | 3 – 48 | Unsure | 0.7 – 1.7 | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Hong Kong | 1 – 41 | Likely increasing | 0.9 – 2.7 | 0.24 – Cases decreasing |
| Qatar | 2 – 34 | Unsure | 0.7 – 1.6 | 0.16 – Cases decreasing |
Table 1: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the effective reproduction number, and the doubling time for the 2020-03-19 in each region included in the analysis. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate. China excludes Hubei.
Methods
Summary
- Case counts by date, stratified by import status (local or imported), were constructed using the World Health Organization (WHO) situation reports and partial line-lists for each region [1,2].
- Case onset dates were estimated using case counts by date of report and a distribution of reporting delays fitted to partial line-lists from each region considered where available.
- Censoring of cases was adjusted for by assuming that the number of cases is drawn from a binomial distribution.
- Time-varying effective reproduction estimates were made with a 7-day sliding window using EpiEstim [5,6] adjusted for imported cases and assuming an uncertain serial interval with a mean of 4.7 days (95% CrI: 3.7, 6.0) and a standard deviation of 2.9 days (95% CrI: 1.9, 4.9) [7].
- Time-varying estimates of the doubling time were made with a 7-day sliding window by iteratively fitting an exponential regression model.
Limitations
- All data used are at a national/regional level taken from WHO situation reports; diagnostic capabilities and testing protocols may vary in different parts of each country/region, adding uncertainty to the reported numbers. The true number of infections reflect in a given number of confirmed cases probably varies substantially geographically.
- The estimated onset dates are based on available data for the delay from symptom onset to confirmation, which mostly stems from the early days of the outbreak. These data may not be representative of the underlying delay distribution.
- The estimate of not-yet-confirmed cases to scale up recent numbers is uncertain and relies on the observed delays to confirmation to remain constant over the course of the outbreak.
- Trends identified using our approach are robust to under-reporting assuming it is constant but absolute values may be biased by reporting rates. Pronounced changes in reporting rates may also impact the trends identified.
- The reporting delay could not be estimated from line-list data for all regions. Region specific details are given in the individual regional reports.
- Data on imported cases were only partically available, and even where available may not be fully complete. This may bias estimates upwards when overall case counts are low.
- As our estimates are made at the date of symptom onset any changes in the time-varying parameters will be delayed by the incubation period.
Detail
Data
We used partial line-lists from each region that contained the date of symptom onset, date of confirmation and import status (imported or local) for each case [3] where available. The region reports give details of the steps taken where this data were not available. Daily case counts by date of report were extracted from the World Health Organization (WHO) situation reports for every location considered [1,2]. The case counts (and partial line-lists where available) were used to assemble the daily number of local and imported cases. Where the partial line-lists and case counts disagreed, it was assumed that the partial line-lists were correct and the WHO case counts were adjusted so that the overall number of cases occurring remained the same but the number of local cases being adjusted as needed.
Adjusting for reporting delays
Reporting delays for each country were estimated using the corresponding partial line-list of cases. The reporting delay could not be estimated from line-list data for all regions. Region specific details are given in the individual regional reports. The estimated reporting delay was assumed to remain constant over time in each location. We fitted an exponential distribution adjusted for censoring [8] to the observed delays using stan [9]. We then took 1000 samples from the posterior distribution of the rate parameter for the exponential delay distribution and constructed a distribution of possible onset dates for each case based on their reporting date. To prevent spuriously long reporting delays, we re-sampled delays that were greater than the maximum observed delay in the observed data.
To account for censoring, i.e. cases that have not yet been confirmed but will show up in the data at a later time, we randomly sampled the true number of cases (including those not yet confirmed) assuming that the reported number of cases is drawn from a binomial distribution, where each case has independent probability \(p_i\) of having been confirmed, \(i\) is the number of days of the symptom onset before the report maximum observed report delay, and \(p_i\) is the cumulative distribution of cases that are confirmed by day \(i\) after they develop symptoms. We did not account for potential reporting biases that might occur due to changes in the growth rate of the outbreak over time.
Statistical analysis
We used the inferred number of cases to estimate the reproduction number on each day using the EpiEstim R package [5]. This uses a combination of the serial interval distribution and the number of observed cases to estimate the reproduction number at each time point [11,12], which were then smoothed using a 7-day time window. We assumed that the serial interval was uncertain with a mean of 4.7 days (95% CrI: 3.7, 6.0) and a standard deviation of 2.9 days (95% CrI: 1.9, 4.9) [7]. We used a common prior for the reproduction number with mean 2.6 and a standard deviation of 2 (inflated from 0.5 found in the reference) [13]. Where data was available, we used EpiEstim to adjust for imported cases [6]. The expected change in daily cases was defined using the proportion of samples with a reproduction number less than 1 (subcritical). It was assumed that if less than 5% of samples were subcritical then an increase in cases was definite, if less than 20% of samples were subcritical then an increase in cases was likely, if more than 80% of samples were subcritical then a decrease in cases was likely and if more than 95% of samples were subcritical then a decrease in cases was definite. For countries/regions with between 20% and 80% of samples being subcritical we could not make a statement about the likely change in cases (defined as unsure).
We estimated the rate of spread (\(r\)) using linear regression with time as the only exposure and logged cases as the outcome for the overall course of the outbreak [14]. The adjusted R^2 value was then used to assess the goodness of fit. In order to account for potential changes in the rate of spread over the course of the outbreak we used a 7-day sliding window to produce time-varying estimates of the rate of spread and the adjusted R^2. The doubling time was then estimated using \(\text{ln}(2) \frac{1}{r}\) for each estimate of the rate of spread.
We report the 95% confidence intervals for all measures using the 2.5% and 97.5% quantiles. The analysis was conducted independently for all regions and is updated daily as new data becomes available. Confidence in our estimates is shown using the proportion of data that were derived using binomial upscaling. Code and results from this analysis can be found here and here.
Regional reports
United States
Summary
Figure 4: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 1200 – 8956 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.9 – 5.9 |
| Rate of spread | -0.21 – 0.57 |
| Doubling time (days) | 1.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.92 |
Table 4: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 5: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Italy
Summary
Figure 7: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 1042 – 7984 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 1.8 |
| Rate of spread | -0.042 – 0.2 |
| Doubling time (days) | 3.4 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.14 – 0.99 |
Table 5: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 8: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Spain
Summary
Figure 10: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 723 – 5247 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.4 |
| Rate of spread | -0.044 – 0.38 |
| Doubling time (days) | 1.8 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.15 – 0.99 |
Table 6: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 11: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
France
Summary
Figure 13: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 397 – 2886 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.1 |
| Rate of spread | -0.035 – 0.33 |
| Doubling time (days) | 2.1 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.15 – 0.99 |
Table 7: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 14: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Iran
Summary
Figure 16: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 290 – 2325 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.8 – 1.4 |
| Rate of spread | -0.12 – 0.21 |
| Doubling time (days) | 3.3 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.2 – 0.97 |
Table 8: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 17: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Germany
Summary
Figure 19: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 451 – 2056 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.3 – 2.5 |
| Rate of spread | -0.047 – 0.26 |
| Doubling time (days) | 2.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.16 – 0.91 |
Table 9: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 20: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
United Kingdom
Summary
Figure 22: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 200 – 1468 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.2 – 2.8 |
| Rate of spread | -0.057 – 0.43 |
| Doubling time (days) | 1.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.98 |
Table 10: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 23: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Belgium
Summary
Figure 25: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 151 – 995 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.1 – 3.2 |
| Rate of spread | -0.23 – 3.5 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.92 |
Table 11: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 26: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Switzerland
Summary
Figure 28: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 105 – 837 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Likely increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.9 – 2 |
| Rate of spread | -0.14 – 0.45 |
| Doubling time (days) | 1.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.18 – 0.94 |
Table 12: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 29: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Netherlands
Summary
Figure 31: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 107 – 784 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.4 |
| Rate of spread | -0.042 – 1.4 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.49 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.16 – 0.98 |
Table 13: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 32: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Austria
Summary
Figure 34: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 84 – 702 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.4 |
| Rate of spread | -0.081 – 0.47 |
| Doubling time (days) | 1.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.97 |
Table 14: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 35: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Portugal
Summary
Figure 37: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 82 – 547 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.3 – 4.1 |
| Rate of spread | -0.36 – 3.4 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.94 |
Table 15: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 38: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Israel
Summary
Figure 40: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 51 – 346 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.2 – 3.7 |
| Rate of spread | -1.9 – 3.6 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.16 – 0.88 |
Table 16: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 41: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Australia
Summary
Figure 43: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 37 – 332 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.3 – 3.6 |
| Rate of spread | -0.13 – 0.48 |
| Doubling time (days) | 1.4 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.16 – 0.92 |
Table 17: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 44: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Canada
Summary
Figure 46: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 49 – 328 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.5 – 3.3 |
| Rate of spread | -0.22 – 0.32 |
| Doubling time (days) | 2.1 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.22 – 0.91 |
Table 18: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 47: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Norway
Summary
Figure 49: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 27 – 262 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.8 – 1.6 |
| Rate of spread | -0.17 – 0.43 |
| Doubling time (days) | 1.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.16 – 0.94 |
Table 19: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 50: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Malaysia
Summary
Figure 52: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 42 – 259 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.3 – 2.9 |
| Rate of spread | -3.4 – 1.2 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.57 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.23 – 0.73 |
Table 20: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 53: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Sweden
Summary
Figure 55: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 28 – 250 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.7 – 1.4 |
| Rate of spread | -0.12 – 0.35 |
| Doubling time (days) | 2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.19 – 0.96 |
Table 21: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 56: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Czechia
Summary
Figure 58: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 27 – 222 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.5 |
| Rate of spread | -0.12 – 3.5 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.96 |
Table 22: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 59: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
South Korea
Summary
Figure 61: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 34 – 191 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.6 – 1.3 |
| Rate of spread | -0.21 – 0.082 |
| Doubling time (days) | 8.5 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.78 |
Table 23: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 62: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Romania
Summary
Figure 64: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 23 – 190 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.1 – 3.2 |
| Rate of spread | -0.93 – 4.1 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.17 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.27 – 0.87 |
Table 24: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 65: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Ireland
Summary
Figure 67: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 19 – 185 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.2 – 3.5 |
| Rate of spread | -0.67 – 3.7 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.16 – 0.94 |
Table 25: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 68: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Denmark
Summary
Figure 70: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 20 – 176 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Decreasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.5 – 0.9 |
| Rate of spread | -0.29 – 4.5 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.15 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.86 |
Table 26: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 71: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Brazil
Summary
Figure 73: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 18 – 163 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.4 |
| Rate of spread | -0.39 – 3.5 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.21 – 0.9 |
Table 27: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 74: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Philippines
Summary
Figure 76: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 22 – 151 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.2 – 4.1 |
| Rate of spread | -1.7 – 4.6 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.15 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.87 |
Table 28: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 77: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Poland
Summary
Figure 79: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 12 – 124 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 3 |
| Rate of spread | -1.9 – 3.5 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.87 |
Table 29: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 80: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
China
Summary
Figure 82: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 23 – 123 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.8 – 1.5 |
| Rate of spread | -0.1 – 0.21 |
| Doubling time (days) | 3.3 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.63 |
Table 30: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 83: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Finland
Summary
Figure 85: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 10 – 119 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Likely increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.8 – 2.1 |
| Rate of spread | -1.1 – 3.1 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.23 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.24 – 0.79 |
Table 31: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 86: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Estonia
Summary
Figure 88: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 14 – 115 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Likely increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.9 – 2.8 |
| Rate of spread | -2.9 – 4.6 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.15 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.31 – 0.67 |
Table 32: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 89: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Japan
Summary
Figure 91: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 14 – 113 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Likely decreasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.6 – 1.1 |
| Rate of spread | -0.26 – 0.12 |
| Doubling time (days) | 5.8 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.67 |
Table 33: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 92: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Greece
Summary
Figure 94: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 9 – 100 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Likely increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.8 – 2.1 |
| Rate of spread | -0.48 – 3.1 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.23 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.24 – 0.82 |
Table 34: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 95: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Singapore
Summary
Figure 97: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 19 – 98 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1.3 – 2.5 |
| Rate of spread | -0.0074 – 0.3 |
| Doubling time (days) | 2.3 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.077 – 0.89 |
Table 35: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 98: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Iceland
Summary
Figure 100: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 8 – 92 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.9 |
| Rate of spread | -2 – 3.6 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.2 – 0.72 |
Table 36: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 101: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Bahrain
Summary
Figure 103: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 4 – 71 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.5 – 1.3 |
| Rate of spread | -0.89 – 4.4 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.16 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.81 |
Table 37: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 104: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
China Excluding Hubei
Summary
Figure 106: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 5 – 71 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 1 – 2.2 |
| Rate of spread | -0.11 – 0.31 |
| Doubling time (days) | 2.2 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.81 |
Table 38: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 107: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Hubei
Summary
Figure 109: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 2 – 50 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Decreasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.1 – 0.4 |
| Rate of spread | -3 – 0.15 |
| Doubling time (days) | 4.6 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.19 – 0.88 |
Table 39: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 110: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Slovenia
Summary
Figure 112: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 3 – 48 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.7 – 1.7 |
| Rate of spread | -0.72 – 3.7 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.19 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.17 – 0.88 |
Table 40: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 113: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Hong Kong
Summary
Figure 115: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 1 – 41 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Likely increasing |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.9 – 2.7 |
| Rate of spread | -2.3 – 2.8 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.24 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.25 – 0.71 |
Table 41: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 116: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Qatar
Summary
Figure 118: A.) Cases by date of report (bars) and estimated cases by date of onset. B.) Time-varying estimate of the effective reproduction number. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval. Dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
| Estimate | |
|---|---|
| Cases with date of onset on the day of report generation | 2 – 34 |
| Expected change in daily cases | Unsure |
| Effective reproduction no. | 0.7 – 1.6 |
| Rate of spread | -1.4 – 4.4 |
| Doubling time (days) | 0.16 – Cases decreasing |
| Adjusted R-squared | -0.19 – 0.74 |
Table 42: Latest estimates of the number of cases by date of onset, the expected change in daily cases, the effective reproduction number, the rate of spread, the doubling time, and the adjusted R-squared of the exponential fit for the 2020-03-19. Based on the last 7 days of data. The 95% credible interval is shown for each numeric estimate.
Time-varying rate of spread and doubling time
Figure 119: A.) Time-varying estimate of the rate of spread, B.) Time-varying estimate of the doubling time in days (note that when the rate of spread is negative the doubling time is assumed to be infinite), C.) The adjusted R-squared estimates indicating the goodness of fit of the exponential regression model (with values closer to 1 indicating a better fit). Based on data from the 2020-03-19. Light grey ribbon = 95% credible interval; dark grey ribbon = the interquartile range. Confidence in the estimated values is indicated by shading with reduced shading corresponding to reduced confidence.
Implementation details
Updates
2020-03-20
- Added Estonia, Poland, and Romania.
- Updated the limitations.
- Tweaked the upscaling of unreported cases - see
EpiNowfor details.
2020-03-18
- Added Greece, Finland, Slovenia, Israel, Brazil, Bahrain, Ireland, Iceland, and Philippines
- Switched the United States to estimate the report delay using in country reporting delays.
- Updated the combined linelist used when countries have insufficient data to estimate the reporting delay to use data from Germany, France, Italy, Austria, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, the United States, and Australia
2020-03-17
- Added Portugal and Qatar.
2020-03-14
- Updated the y axis label of the case count plot to “Daily cases”.
- Added Australia, Canada, and Czechia.
- Changed the label assigned when an infinite doubling time is estimated to “Cases decreasing”.
2020-03-11
- Updated the expected case categories to be increasing, likely increasing, unsure, likely decreasing, and decreasing.
- Added the Netherlands, Belgium, Norway, Malaysia, Iran, and China (all and excluding Hubei).
- Add an uncertain serial interval based on the distribution fit in the previously used source.
2020-03-07
- Added estimates for: Sweden, United States, United Kingdom, Switzerland, and Austria.
- Updated the prior on the Rt estimate to have a mean of 2.6 and a std of 2 (Based on Imai et al. with inflated uncertainty).
- Added implementation details by region considered and removed these from the summary.
- Added a downloadable summary report.
- Added a global map indicating in which regions incidence is increasing, decreasing or stable.
- Added a summary plot of case counts and Rt estimates across all countries/regions.
- Restricted the summary plot of Rt estimates over time to just include the 6 countries with the highest number of expected cases.
- Reordered the presentation to be in order of expected cases
References
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2 Brown E. Data2019nCoV: Data on the covid-19 outbreak. 2020.
3 Xu B, Gutierrez B, Hill S et al. Epidemiological Data from the nCoV-2019 Outbreak: Early Descriptions from Publicly Available Data. 2020.
4 Abbott S, Hellewell J, Munday JD et al. NCoVUtils: Utility functions for the 2019-ncov outbreak. - 2020;-:–. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3635417
5 Cori A. EpiEstim: Estimate time varying reproduction numbers from epidemic curves. 2019. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=EpiEstim
6 Thompson R, Stockwin J, Gaalen R van et al. Improved inference of time-varying reproduction numbers during infectious disease outbreaks. Epidemics 2019;29:100356. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2019.100356
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10 R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria:: R Foundation for Statistical Computing 2019. https://www.R-project.org/
11 Cori A, Ferguson NM, Fraser C et al. A New Framework and Software to Estimate Time-Varying Reproduction Numbers During Epidemics. American Journal of Epidemiology 2013;178:1505–12. doi:10.1093/aje/kwt133
12 Wallinga J, Teunis P. Different Epidemic Curves for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Reveal Similar Impacts of Control Measures. American Journal of Epidemiology 2004;160:509–16. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh255
13 Imai N, Cori A, Dorigatti I et al. Report 3: Transmissibility of 2019-nCoV. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-2019-nCoV-transmissibility.pdf
14 Park SW, Champredon D, Weitz JS et al. A practical generation-interval-based approach to inferring the strength of epidemics from their speed. Epidemics 2019;27:12–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2018.12.002